On Madras Day, 22nd August 2025 -Tracing the life of The Collector of Madras, H.Taylor Esq

 

On Madras Day -Tracing the life of The Collector of Madras, H.Taylor Esq.who served as an Honorable East India Company’s Civil Servant of The Madras Presidency in 1806, when Lord William Bentinck was the Governor of Madras.

Our ancestors lived in Mylapore, near Mundagakanni Amman Kovil from the date not known to us! After my father’s demise in 1994, I could put my hands on our old house documents, where we also lived from my great grandfather’s time, from the facts shared by my father.

I love Madras, a name given to Madrasapatnam by the British, because the house I referred above has a great family connection. My parents got married in the same house and we two brothers were born in  that house. So, the history of our Mylapore house is more interested to me than the history of Madras.

22^nd August 1639 is a significant date to celebrate Madras Day each year, initiated by Vincent D’Souza of Mylapore Times, Sashi Nair of Press Trust of India and Historian S.Muthiah, in 2004, as found in website.

I wish to talk about the oldest house document of our Mylapore house dated 1806. The year 1806 also witnessed a number of rebellions starting with the Vellore Mutiny. My family history interest made me too deeply study the document from top to bottom and bewildered to see the East India Company’s Red Wax seal (broken in half) with the wonderful ink signature of the then Collector of Madras, H.Taylor dated “ Twenty fifth day of June One Thousand Eight Hundred and Six” and the street name spelled differently and above all the authorities claim of Rupee One per annum from the owner of that time, Erusuppah Grawmony as QUIT RENT.

Before tracing the life of the Collector of Madras in 1806, let us understand what is Quit Rent.

What is Quit Rent? Google search gave me some answers: A contemporaneous list of individuals owning private property made a distinction between the "Landlord or Owner of House but Tenant of the Land [paying quit rent]" and the "Land Holders or Proprietors of Land [paying pension and tax]. Such taxes were important revenue sources for the Company.

Details as in the Document with East India Company’s Red Wax Seal:

 Date of the Document: 25^th June 1806

Name of the street as in the document: ……(not legible) Cunny Ummen Street ( Presently : Mundaga Kanni Amman Koil Street)

The Measurement 1756 ¼ Squarefeet Quit Rent 1 Rupee

The Authority: (As in the document) “The Right Honorable The Governor in Council having duly authorized and appointed me H.TAYLOR Collector of Madras to issue CERTIFICATES for LANDS within the Bounds, I do by virtue of the authority so delegated to me, hereby certify and declare that ….” (Property details continued …) now occupied by Erusuppah Grawmony is held under the Honorable the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, under a Demise, for a term of years non-… at the Annual Quit Rent of ONE RUPEE In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my Hand and the Seal of the said United Company this Twenty fifth day of June One Thousand Eight Hundred and Six.”  (Sd. H.Taylor Collector). REGISTERED : A.Vincent Asum MEASURED: Vedagiri Maistry

Biography of Taylor,Harry:

From web search: Harry Taylor (abt. 1760 - 1806).

Born about 1 Jan 1760 [uncertain] in England

Died 5 Dec 1806 at about age 46 in At sea, on board ship 'Glory' on way back to England

Harry Taylor married Charlotte Andrews in 1795 at St. Mary's, Fort St. George, Madras, India. Harry and Charlotte's children were all born in India. When Harry died in 1806 there were 11 children, of whom the eldest was only 9.

The children are: Emma, Henry, Robert, Sarah, John, William, Thomas & Elizabeth (twins), and 9, 10, 11 (to be filled in)

Research Notes:

MADRAS CIVIL SERVICE (M.C.S) TAYLOR, Harry. - 1777: Writer. 1782: Factor. 1790: Senior Merchant. 1791: Senior Merchant and Paymaster at Ellore. 1800: Collector of the Cuddalore and Pondicherry Revenue. 1801: At Home. 1805: In India, without employ. Died, on his way to England, 5th December 1806, on board the ship “Glory”."

*The above records contradicts the signature of H.Taylor , signed as Collector of Madras in our document dated 25^th June 1806.

Sources: Record of services of the Honorable East India Company's civil servants in the Madras presidency, from 1741 to 1858 [1] Andrews/Taylor Genealogy.

Conclusion arrived by me: As Taylor,Harry has served as Collector of Cuddalore and Pondicherry during the year 1800, he could have been delegated the duty of Collector of Madras by the authority, The Right Honorable The Governor in Council, Lord William Bentinck ( who later become the First Governor General of India(1828 t0 1835), to issue the CERTIFICATES for LANDS during 1806 ( our document dated 25^th June 1806) before he sailed to England and passed away in the ship “Glory” on 5^th December 1806.

I also would like to share my inquisitiveness in tracing the life of H.Taylor, with Historian  Sri.S.Muthiah by email on Nov.18, 2014 and sought his views. His two mail replies to me are appended below. He also views H.Taylor , Collector of Madras, signed our document might be the same who died in the ship on the way back to England on 5^th December 1806.

QUOTE:

(1)Emails to me from S Muthiah <smuthiah.mes@gmail.com>Tue, Nov 18, 2014, 11:33 AM to me.

Dear Mr.Chandar,

 Yes, your mails reach me at a time when I involved with Madras Week and had lost track of my mail. Now that I am less busy, let me go through it and get back to you.

With best wishes S.Muthiah

(2) Email from S Muthiah <smuthiah.mes@gmail.com>Tue, Nov 18, 2014, 9:23 PM to me

Dear Mr. Chander,

 I am afraid you are asking for the impossible to be done in Madras when you want to find an East India Company employee of c.1800.  The only places you may be lucky at are: 1) the Tamil Nadu Archives where you will have to register yourself as a Research Scholar with a certificate from a University OR

2)  The British Library –India Office Records, in London. Sorry I can’t help, but judging from the information you provide, I would say the two Taylors are different people.  In fact, your document clearly says H. Taylor, Collector of Madras! Seems like your Harry Taylor might have been in trouble or was sick and was being sent back to England.

With best wishes,

S Muthiah.

UNQUOTE: To conclude…

I cannot go beyond the Chronicler of Madras’s views, but still in question on the life of H.Taylor and the whereabouts of his wife and eleven children!

The house property was sold in 1994 to a real estate owner and now our heritage building is no longer exists.

Though this is my personal story, beyond that it is the History of Madras with unsolved mysteries…..

Curious Madras Enthusiasts may further explore from the archives of British Library or by any other means....

Happy Madras Day 22^nd August.

 

 

 

  

Best ever senior living community-Why am I not opting?

 

BEST EVER SENIOR LIVING COMMUNITY – WHY AM I NOT OPTING?

We heard about an old age home, also known as a retirement home, is a residential facility designed for older adults who need assistance with daily living and/or require specialized care. These homes provide a safe and supportive environment for seniors, offering services like meals, housekeeping, medical care, and recreational activities to maintain their quality of life. Paid and free services are there with benefits and many considerations.

Now  trending advertisements I see in newspapers, a full page ad, for old age and retired citizens, “Happy Senior Living” at the cost of Rs.89 Lakhs starting for 2 & 3 BHK Senior Citizen Homes, offering world-class housekeeping, amenities for active and healthy lifestyle, movies, picnics and more!

It’s true that both old age homes and senior living communities cater to the needs of older adults, but the difference is the economics behind both the facilities and the real cause of living away from common society.

From my point of view, I don’t prefer to live away from the common neighborhood, where we lived all along and not intend to move when the time comes that grown-up children are away from us due to employment and their future. My better half also agrees with me in this decision. Our reasons may be different from others but it suits us best for us to live a happy living at old age.

We live in a street house and in our neighborhood; there are more than 30 children of all ages, studying from class two to undergraduate. They frequently visit us for educational assistance, other co-curricular activities and join with us for all the celebrations and festivals of all faiths, which we never miss. We both give spare time to the needy children, irrespective of the time, they knock at our doors.

Their associations with us changed their lives, as we talk to them on spiritual topics, social and Gandhian thoughts. Some kids become a public speaker, though they were naïve before and few changed their attitude for the better. They developed reading habits from the books from my library and senior kids support us by taking us to doctors, when we become sick.

The best part is all the children’s parents are so supportive in sending their kids to our home. They join with their kids and celebrate our birthdays and wedding day, all religious festivals and in reciprocation, we celebrate the kid’s birthdays and academic achievements by giving small gifts as appreciation. Their handmade greetings are a token of their love and affection for us and we keep it as priceless possession. Summer time they spend with us playing indoor games.

We are like their grandparents, as many miss their grandparents in today’s nuclear family style of living! I can add more and more to share my happiness in living together with the people around us in the neighborhood, rather than as a couple living with other senior persons. We live simply and get immense pleasure in moving with young minds by sharing our life long experiences. It is a learning opportunity for us also from them.  Our aim is to shape the children to become selfless, responsible citizens in their future.  ! Happy with living among children in our neighborhood.

                             Best Ever Senior Living Community – I am not opting! .

A school boy’s small act of kindness made a big impact on my life!

A school boy’s small act of kindness made a big impact on my life! 

A class X school boy living in my street is known to me since his childhood. He used to visit us often and much interested in knowing about Gandhi. I am associated with Gandhi Peace Foundation, Madras and share Gandhian thoughts and children’s books to him. On a Gandhi Jayanthi Day, during Covid period, when no one visited other’s home, he came to my house and spoke on Gandhi for few minutes as homage to Mahatma. This news was published in local weekly newspaper. Now he is studying in SBIOA Model School. He wanted to donate books to his school library and sought my help. I have my own home library and I am in the process of giving away books to the right person, I gave him a set of imported Encyclopedia of 24 volumes and Gandhiji’s autobiography in many languages. Added to this he took other books useful for children and gave it to his school library. He was honored in the assembly for his act of kindness. 

 Now, coming to me, he introduced me to his Headmistress and Tamil Dept. Head on his own by sharing my Gandhian activities. This act of kindness turned a leaf in my life. Teachers have trusted him and gave me a call and visited my home to invite me, as a Special Guest for the Independence Day last month. On receipt of my profile, they have printed my name in the Invitation for the celebration. It was a great honor for me to speak among students along with other dignitaries.

 Micro action of a young mind brought a significant on my life. He inspired me to give back such a kind of act to others in need. I am always grateful to such persons, whether young or old.

 “The simplest act of kindness are by far more powerful than a thousand heads bowing in a prayer “ – Mahatma Gandhi

'Time" cries ...they are killing me softly!!!

 

‘TIME’ cries …”They are killing me softly”!!!

“Killing time is not an easy job”. If you are killing time, it’s not murder. It’s suicide!

Why do people kill time?

Before starting my episode, I tested myself, whether am I killing time. To the best of my knowledge and from the past experience, I feel that I am managing time, to the extent possible, wisely and so I do share the slogan “Waste Time Wisely” among students.

In my observation I have noticed that many students don’t use time as it needs to be. Apart from attending school or college and spending time for reading or writing of subjects related to curriculum, they simply comes out to spend time as they please, for entertainment, gossip, social media and other ways. When we ask them for the reason, their reply was “De-stress and or free from boredom”. I don’t see even few students read books on subjects of their interest or self-improvement books or for updating their skills and knowledge.

According to me books are the best friends to keep us engaged, to spend time wisely and usefully.  Every student should develop reading habit to improve themselves in all walks of life. All educational institutions have their own library and students are privileged to pick and read books. But very few only visits library often for reading and taking books to home. 

It has been speculated by publishers, book critics and teachers, that because of the gradual decline in students' interest, reading is now dead. Researchers say that the social media takes the students time and controls them rather they control the social media. Whatever may be the reason, there are number of ways to come out of that entanglements.

 I personally think that reading is not dead. I may be optimistic but I think people are more curious in learning new things and there seems to be a rise in reading non-fiction genre and more of self-help books. Students should learn for elders on how to improve their reading habits than killing time.

 If you’re one of countless people who don’t make a habit of reading regularly, you might be missing out.

 Let us look into the few best benefits of reading shared by experts:

 Exercise our brain. If we don’t our cognitive abilities may decline.

Gain valuable knowledge.

Reduce stress.

Improve our focus, memory and communication skills.

Stronger Analytical Thinking Skills.

Writings of other authors will invariably improve our writings.

Books improves creativity.

Reading great speeches of great leaders improves our speaking ability.

…..many more benefits you can experience once you start reading.

 

What happens if you kill time?

When you kill time, you are killing your opportunities to do more and be more.

Why you need to stop killing time?

We kill time by procrastinating and doing unproductive activities to ignore what is really at hand. Killing time may work for a few minutes, but it adds up when things need to get done.

Want to stop killing time?

Successful people make the most of each hour of every day, using every moment to their advantage. Learn to get a handle on what is distracting you from accomplishing your tasks each day. Effective time management is a habit that can be learned. It starts with your decision to invest your time into what is important.

“Time is your most precious resource; make every minute count.”

Should we kill ‘Time’? Let’s stop ‘Time’s cry!!!

 

41 minutes Miracle at Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru

 

41 minutes Miracle at Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru!

Does miracle happen to all?

Do miracles happen every day?

How do miracles happen in life?

These are the common questions comes to our mind, when someone talks about a miracle happened or experienced in his or her life.

Miracle is an extraordinary event manifesting divine intervention in human affairs. Such an effect or event manifesting is considered as a work of God.

I wish to share a miracle, act of God, happened to me at Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru, on the first Sunday of June 2022!

I had been to Bengaluru to attend the Shataabdhi function of a close friend’s parents. His father’s centenary birthday celebration was well organised in a hall at Nava Mantralaya Complex. As I was early to the function, I could visit the adjacent temples, Sri Raghavendra Temple and Sri Balaji Mandir and two opposite temples, Shree Dodda Ganapathi Temple and Sri Big Bull Temple.

I always carry a small shoulder bag and inside I kept my wallet with cash, credit and debit cards, Aadhar Card and small Lord Krishna picture cards. My backpack was kept in the hall safely.

The function went off well, attended by close relatives and well-wishers of my good friend. I met few of my old colleagues and one after 30 years! I got the blessings from my friend’s parents on the stage. During the lunch time my friend’s elder brother gave a silver coin of Sri Lakshmi Narasimha in a plastic casket to all the guests and I also got one and kept in the same shoulder bag.

My testing time started at 2.19 pm and I am not aware of it! I bid farewell to my friend, the host, after a very special lunch and joined with another friend and his wife to proceed to their hotel for refreshing before proceeding to KSR Railway station for return journey to Chennai, scheduled at 4.15 pm. He called an auto-rickshaw and both of them boarded first and I took the corner seat and to sit comfortably, I removed my backpack and kept on my lap. We went the hotel, refreshed and when we were about to leave, I checked my backpack and looking for my shoulder bag. I couldn’t find my shoulder bag either inside my backpack or separately! I was perturbed at that moment because of  the missing shoulder bag. My friend suggested to rush up immediately to the function hall, to check whether anyone found and kept it safely. So I joined with him and we took another auto-rickshaw on return basis and rushed to the hall.

 On reaching the hall main gate, we told the driver to park a little front and we will return soon. Both of us went inside and checked separately at all the places and with friends but in vain. My friend worried a lot on this unfortunate incident. Then I decided to go back as we have to catch the train by 4.15 pm and told my friend that train ticket is in mobile and we can move. We came out and reached the auto-rickshaw, stationed just ten feet away in the same Bull Temple Road.

The Miracle happened to me at that moment. As I was about to board the vehicle, I found my shoulder bag was caught under the left rear wheel of the same auto parked and the driver was sitting inside and he too not noticed it while parking. It was a shocking relief for me and my friend too. We can’t believe our eyes. Then I came to realise that my shoulder-bag fell on the road, when I boarded the first auto to move to hotel room. For the next 41 minutes it was lying in the same place, on the road, unnoticed by none of the passersby till 3.00 pm, including us, when we came out of the same auto and rushed up to the hall to search.. Hundreds of vehicles, bikes, cars, autos and few walkers would have crossed the same road where my bag lies and really it is a miracle for us.

Before we asked the driver to move the auto to pick the bag, my friend took a photo to share the miracle to the host and to relieve his worry. I took the bag and checked for the contents and everything was intact. I believe that the miracle is , my bag was protected by Lord Narasimha, in the form of a silver dollar, inside my bag, gifted by the host.  The impact of the auto wheel was also taken by the Lord, as the plastic casket containing the Lord Narasimha’s silver dollar, which cracked a bit but the dollar is intact. This is first of a kind experience happened in a new place where I had never been before.

This MIRACLE happened only because of the faith we have on the Supreme Personality of Godhead, in the form of Lord Narasimha. Added to this, I wish to share that the  Shataabdhi function of the couple was performed in front of Lord Narasimha deity picture and the entire family are devotees of Lord Narasimha and their blessings means a lot for us.

This ordeal of 41 minutes is a lesson for me to increase my devotional service to the Supreme Lord. Yes, Miracles can happen to all of us at any time by the mercy of the Lord and we can see God’s presence in this type of act by Him.

Chant Hare Krishna and Be Happy. Sri Narasimha Dev ki Jai.                                                   

Chander is a History Buff Episode 7

 

Chander is a History Buff Episode 7

 

Greeting to my readers.

 

I am posting my new episode 7 (a book of 96 years old, from my bookshelf) before episode 6, as the book I am reviewing in episode 6 needs more exploration, to share with the readers, for more interesting facts and photos!

 

This historical episode covers a great author, a Zorastrian Barrister-At-Law, an Advocate in High Court, Bombay, KAIKOBAD BHICAJI DASTUR,(MEHERJIRANA), and his First Edition Book “ LOST KINGDOM FOUND or THE REVELATIONS, published by himself in 1925 @ Rs.3, printed by G.M.Pandya, at The Maneck Prionting Press, Benham Hall Lane, Girgam, Bombay.

 

The subject is – Future Life. From his own personal experiences, in the preface, the author shares his knowledge of what happens on and after death and conveys information about our next life and about the homes of the departed, and it is intend to bring next worlds nearer to us!

 

I am so keen to know more about his realisations on this subject by reading the full book of 133 pages, beautifully bound in red colour. It contains XV chapters with various headings. The title of the chapters are: The Title, The Dead are Alive, The Other Worlds, Love, Divine Justice, The Dark Spot, The Awakening, Battling With Nature, Set Backs, My Visits, The Most Surprising Revelation, Heaven, The Dark World, Common Features, Miscellaneous Matters and an Appendix.

 

I would like to share the author’s few interesting lines from his original text, which attracted me to go ahead from chapter I till the end. 

 

“Know this for certain, that the body only is mortal, but the man is immortal.”

Unquote: Many books and articles use this as a standard example of logic:

• All men are mortal.
• Socrates is a man.
• Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

The question is: where did this example come from? Some people think this example comes from Aristotle, but Aristotle did not say anything like this example.

 

Quote:

“… there is no death, that our departed dear ones are alive, and that they are residing in one or others of several worlds which are round about us.”

“Though death is the greatest enemy of mankind, it is only an imaginary enemy, because in reality it does not exist.”

“We begin our next life according to the progress made by us and according to the good or evil which we may have done while living in this world.”

“Love is the currency of God….By love I mean something more than what is generally supposed. It means a true desire to see all happy, and more happy than ourselves….Heaven is not an imaginary dreamland but a solid region like the earth, and inhibited by living intelligencies like ourselves…Love all, love well and love true. Think of others and then only God will think of you.”

“It is everywhere the Kingdom of God. Hell is a myth…God pardons nobody, because He condemns none.”

In the chapter “The Most Surprising Revelation”, the author says,”…Dreams are a mixture of truth and untruth, and on many occasions we are able to remember only the untrue portion of our dreams and entirely forget the true knowledge intended to be conveyed to us.”

The author’s daily prayers are:- “Oh, Lord! Make me a better man and give me light to make mankind happy.”

Unquote:

I find it difficult to give the complete essence of the author’s revelations here, and once the reader reads the full book, he or she can realise his or her own revelations on this subject. But I found from the internet that there is no copy available in any Indian libraries and only 5 books available in UK and USA libraries, with no reviews as on date, according to the data gathered from Worldcat.org! So, mine is the first review after 96 years of publication, I believe!!!

I will come back with my episode 6 …..

Internet data:

Lost kingdom found; or, the Revelations,

Author:	Kaikobad Bhikaji Dastur.
Publisher:	[Bombay] 1925.
Edition/Format:	Print book : English : 1st edView all editions and formats
Rating:	(not yet rated) and not reviewed yet.
Subjects	·         Future life.

 

LibraryHeld formatsDistance1.

The British Library, St. Pancras

London, NW1 2DB United Kingdom

 Book8200 km

Syracuse University

Syracuse, NY 13244 United States

 Book13300 km

New York Public Library System
NYPL

New York, NY 10018 United States

 Book13400 km

 

Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center (HRC); University of Texas at Austin
University of Texas Libraries

Austin, TX 78713 United States

 Book15200 km

Chander is A History Buff Episode 5

 

Chander is A History Buff Episode 5

Greetings to my readers.

This blog is dedicated to book lovers and in particular to literary books of olden time, who are keen in knowing the history of the author of a book, they read and love to read again and again! I am one such book lover and here I am going to write about an author, Charlotte Bronte and her life sketched by Mrs.Gaskell.

The Book: The Life of Charlotte Bronte

By: Mrs.Gaskell, Published by: Smith, Elder, & Co., 15 Waterloo Place, Year of publication: 1889 ( First published in 1857)

This is a pocket book edition, bound in half cloth with uncut edges, which seems to be special for me! In addition, the facing page of the title page contains the portrait of Charlotte Bronte by George Richmond in 1850,with her signature : Sincerely yours – C Bronte.

The 447 page book with XXVIII chapters.

Special mention: There are many notes in ink and pencil marked while reading the book, by the original owner alongside the text! ( may be made in 1889 ).

Charlotte Bronte: As recently as 2017, The Life of Charlotte Brontë was listed in The Guardian (UK) as one of the 100 best nonfiction books of all time! Charlotte was a literary star on both sides of the Atlantic, so it was exciting to find this 1857 review published in a Washington, D.C., newspaper:

An 1857 review of The Life of Charlotte Brontë

An original review dated June 4, 1857, The National Era, Washington, D.C.: A sadder book than this we have never read. The very volumes which gave to Charlotte Brontë her brilliant reputation are less sad, less gloomy than this — the true story of her life. It is only through this sorrowful tale that her books can be understood — it is only after reading it, that we can do her justice.

Charlotte Brontë was a woman of heroic character, of great nobility of heart. Sorrows which would have crushed others, or driven them made, seemed by to sadden her, and add gloom to her soul. Not for a moment did she give way, but continued her steady work, her life of unremitting industry.

Charlotte Brontë (1816 – 1855) outlived all five of her siblings, including her literary sisters, Emily and Anne. The grief at losing her sisters at ages thirty and twenty-nine, respectively, may have been easing with the happiness she found as the wife of Arthur Bell Nichols, and the widespread recognition of her talents as a writer.

Jane Eyre, Shirley, and Villette had all been published, and Charlotte was recognized as a major talent. Her books sold well, too. And though she was still known as “Currer Bell,” the male pseudonym she’d use to break into the publishing world, her true identity had been established.

But it was not to last. When Charlotte died of complications due to pregnancy in 1855, she had nearly reached her thirty-ninth birthday. 

Two years after her death, The Professor, the first novel she had written (but which remained unpublished in her lifetime) was published. The Life of Charlotte Brontë by Elizabeth Gaskell was also published that same year (1857), helping to seal her legacy and reputation. Mrs. Gaskell, as she was known, was at the time also a respected novelist, having published Mary Barton and Ruth.

The Author, Mrs.Elizabeth Gaskell: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell

Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (née Stevenson; 29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865), often referred to as Mrs Gaskell, was an English novelist, biographer and short story writer. Her novels offer a detailed portrait of the lives of many strata of Victorian society, including the very poor. Her work is of interest to social historians as well as readers of literature. Her first novel, Mary Barton, was published in 1848. Gaskell's The Life of Charlotte Brontë, published in 1857, was the first biography of Charlotte Brontë. In this biography, she wrote only of the moral, sophisticated things in Brontë’s life; the rest she left out, deciding that certain, more salacious aspects were better kept hidden. Among Gaskell's best known novels are Cranford (1851–53), North and South (1854–55), and Wives and Daughters (1865), each having been adapted for television by the BBC.

The history of Charlotte Bronte may induce the readers to read her books.  Let us start searching for copies from Internet Archives and begin reading. Of course Audio Books are also available in YouTube, for listeners in separate volumes running to many hours! One of the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tP4e-PKH9jY

See you soon with more books of antiquity and the history of the book and it’s author…

Photos of my copy of the book...

Charlotte Bronte

Mrs.Elizabeth Gaskell (Author)